# Commands

Browse LaTeX commands by topic, name, package, and renderer support.

https://texform.dev/latex/commands

- [`\ `](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-20-): Used as control-space to insert an explicit nonbreaking space, especially when a literal space would be ignored or to force spacing after a control word.
- [`\,`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-2c-): Adds a thin math space between nearby symbols for fine typographic adjustment in formulas.
- [`\;`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-3b-): Adds a thick math space between nearby symbols for manual spacing in formulas.
- [`\:`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-3a-): Adds a medium math space between nearby symbols for manual spacing in formulas.
- [`\!`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-21-): Adds a negative thin math space to tighten spacing between nearby symbols in formulas.
- [`\.`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-2e-): Used in text mode to place a dot accent over the next letter.
- [`\'`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-27-): Used in text mode to place an acute accent over the next letter, e.g. for accented words and names.
- [`\‘`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-2018-): Unicode alias for the grave-accent text command, used to accent the next letter in text mode.
- [`\’`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-2019-): Unicode alias for the acute-accent text command, used to accent the next letter in text mode.
- [`\"`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-22-): Used in text mode to place an umlaut/diaeresis accent over the next letter.
- [`\*`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-star): Rare explicit insertion of an otherwise invisible multiplication operator between factors, with × available as the line-break surrogate.
- [`\\`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-5c-): 
- [`` \` ``](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-60-): Used in text mode to place a grave accent over the next letter.
- [`\^`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-5e-): Used in text mode to place a circumflex accent over the next letter.
- [`\=`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-3d-): Used in text mode to place a macron over the next letter.
- [`\>`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-3e-): Adds a medium math space in math mode as an alternate medium-space command.
- [`\|`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-7c-): Used as a no-argument double-bar token, especially inside braket expressions such as \Braket{a\|b}, and otherwise as the standard \| delimiter command.
- [`\~`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/-7e-): Used in text mode to place a tilde accent over the next letter, such as in Spanish names or words.
- [`\AA`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/AA): Used for the angstrom sign or Scandinavian A-ring text in running text
- [`\above`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/above): Plain-TeX infix generalized fraction with an explicit rule thickness between the left and right formulas.
- [`\abovewithdelims`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/abovewithdelims): Plain-TeX infix generalized fraction with explicit rule thickness and explicit left/right delimiters.
- [`\abs`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/abs): Used for absolute values in the physics package, with a required brace-delimited expression and optional starred plain fences.
- [`\absolutevalue`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/absolutevalue): Used as the long-form absolute-value command in the physics package, taking a required brace-delimited expression.
- [`\acomm`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/acomm): Used to typeset anticommutators such as {A,B} in quantum mechanics, field theory, and graded algebra.
- [`\acos`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/acos): Used for inverse cosine notation written as acos, including optional bracketed powers in the physics package.
- [`\acosecant`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/acosecant): Alternate physics-package name for the inverse cosecant function using the acsc form
- [`\acosine`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/acosine): Alternate physics-package name for the inverse cosine function using the acos form
- [`\acot`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/acot): Used for inverse cotangent notation written as acot, including optional bracketed powers in the physics package.
- [`\acotangent`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/acotangent): Alternate physics-package name for the inverse cotangent function using the acot form
- [`\acsc`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/acsc): Used for inverse cosecant notation written as acsc, including optional bracketed powers in the physics package.
- [`\acute`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/acute): Used to place an acute accent over a math symbol or grouped expression.
- [`\admat`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/admat): Used as a short alias for building an anti-diagonal matrix from a comma-separated list of entries, typically inside \mqty{...}.
- [`\allowbreak`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/allowbreak): Used to explicitly permit a line break at a specific point in inline math expressions.
- [`\anticommutator`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/anticommutator): Used to typeset anticommutators such as {A,B} in quantum mechanics, field theory, and graded algebra.
- [`\antidiagonalmatrix`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/antidiagonalmatrix): Used to generate an anti-diagonal matrix from a comma-separated list of entries, typically inside \mqty{...} or related physics matrix macros.
- [`\arccos`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/arccos): Used for inverse cosine in trigonometric formulas and calculus
- [`\arccosecant`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/arccosecant): Alternate physics-package name for the inverse cosecant function
- [`\arccosine`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/arccosine): Alternate physics-package name for the inverse cosine function
- [`\arccot`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/arccot): Used for inverse cotangent notation written as arccot, with optional bracketed powers in the physics package.
- [`\arccotangent`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/arccotangent): Alternate physics-package name for the inverse cotangent function
- [`\arccsc`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/arccsc): Used for inverse cosecant notation written as arccsc, with optional bracketed powers in the physics package.
- [`\arcsec`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/arcsec): Used for inverse secant notation written as arcsec, with optional bracketed powers in the physics package.
- [`\arcsecant`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/arcsecant): Alternate physics-package name for the inverse secant function
- [`\arcsin`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/arcsin): Used for inverse sine in trigonometric formulas and calculus
- [`\arcsine`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/arcsine): Alternate physics-package name for the inverse sine function
- [`\arctan`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/arctan): Used for inverse tangent in trigonometric identities, angle formulas, and calculus
- [`\arctangent`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/arctangent): Alternate physics-package name for the inverse tangent function
- [`\arg`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/arg): Used for the argument or phase of a complex number in complex analysis
- [`\array`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/array): Undocumented MathJax command alias for \matrix
- [`\asec`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/asec): Used for inverse secant notation written as asec, including optional bracketed powers in the physics package.
- [`\asecant`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/asecant): Alternate physics-package name for the inverse secant function using the asec form
- [`\asin`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/asin): Used for inverse sine notation written as asin, including optional bracketed powers in the physics package.
- [`\asine`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/asine): Alternate physics-package name for the inverse sine function using the asin form
- [`\atan`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/atan): Used for inverse tangent notation written as atan, including optional bracketed powers in the physics package.
- [`\atangent`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/atangent): Alternate physics-package name for the inverse tangent function using the atan form
- [`\atop`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/atop): Plain-TeX infix generalized fraction without a fraction bar, placing the left formula over the right formula.
- [`\atopwithdelims`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/atopwithdelims): Plain-TeX infix generalized fraction without a fraction bar, but with explicit left and right delimiters.
- [`\badbreak`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/badbreak): Used to discourage a line break at the current point in a math expression without completely forbidding it.
- [`\bar`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/bar): Used to place an overbar over a symbol or grouped expression, for example for conjugates, closures, or averages.
- [`\Bbb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Bbb): Used for double-struck symbols such as standard number sets like ℝ, ℤ, or ℚ.
- [`\bf`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/bf): Changes the font of subsequent characters in the current group to bold.
- [`\big`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/big): Manual fixed-size delimiter used as an ordinary math symbol when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\Big`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Big): Manual fixed-size delimiter used as an ordinary math symbol when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\bigg`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/bigg): Manual larger fixed-size delimiter used as an ordinary math symbol when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\Bigg`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Bigg): Manual extra-large fixed-size delimiter used as an ordinary math symbol when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\biggl`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/biggl): Manual larger opening delimiter paired with explicit closing commands when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\Biggl`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Biggl): Manual extra-large opening delimiter paired with explicit closing commands when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\biggm`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/biggm): Manual larger middle or relation-style delimiter, especially for bars in conditional expressions or set-builder notation, when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\Biggm`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Biggm): Manual extra-large middle or relation-style delimiter, especially for bars in conditional expressions or set-builder notation, when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\biggr`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/biggr): Manual larger closing delimiter paired with explicit opening commands when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\Biggr`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Biggr): Manual extra-large closing delimiter paired with explicit opening commands when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\bigl`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/bigl): Manual fixed-size opening delimiter paired with explicit closing commands when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\Bigl`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Bigl): Manual fixed-size opening delimiter paired with explicit closing commands when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\bigm`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/bigm): Manual fixed-size middle or relation-style delimiter, especially for bars in conditional expressions or set-builder notation, when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\Bigm`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Bigm): Manual fixed-size middle or relation-style delimiter, especially for bars in conditional expressions or set-builder notation, when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\bigr`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/bigr): Manual fixed-size closing delimiter paired with explicit opening commands when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\Bigr`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Bigr): Manual fixed-size closing delimiter paired with explicit opening commands when automatic \left...\right sizing is undesirable.
- [`\binom`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/binom): Binomial coefficients and parenthesized combinations such as choosing k from n.
- [`\bmod`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/bmod): Used for a standalone 'mod' operator with binary-operator spacing in modular arithmetic expressions
- [`\bmqty`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/bmqty): Used as a square-bracketed matrix-quantity shorthand
- [`\boldsymbol`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/boldsymbol): Used to make a symbol or short math expression bold in math mode, especially for Greek letters or other symbols where \mathbf is not sufficient.
- [`\boxed`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/boxed): Highlighting an important formula or final result by drawing a box around a math expression.
- [`\bqty`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/bqty): Used to surround a required expression with square brackets in the physics package, optionally with plain starred fences or explicit sizing prefixes.
- [`\Bqty`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Bqty): Used to surround a required expression with literal braces in the physics package, optionally starred or with explicit sizing prefixes.
- [`\bra`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/bra): Used in Dirac bra-ket notation to denote a bra vector in quantum mechanics expressions.
- [`\Bra`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Bra): Used for bra vectors with automatically sized delimiters when the enclosed content is tall or complex.
- [`\brace`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/brace): Plain-TeX infix generalized fraction with braces as fixed delimiters and no fraction bar.
- [`\brack`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/brack): Plain-TeX infix generalized fraction with brackets as fixed delimiters and no fraction bar.
- [`\braket`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/braket): Used for bra-ket notation in quantum mechanics with fixed-size angle brackets.
- [`\Braket`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Braket): Used for bra-ket notation in quantum mechanics with automatically sized angle brackets.
- [`\break`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/break): Forces a line break.
- [`\breakAlign`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/breakAlign): Configuring the alignment of broken lines within an array or eqnarray in MathJax.
- [`\breve`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/breve): Used to place a breve accent over a math symbol or grouped expression.
- [`\buildrel`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/buildrel): Used to build relations by stacking an overscript on top of a relation symbol or operator.
- [`\cal`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/cal): Changes the font of subsequent characters in the current group to calligraphic.
- [`\cases`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/cases): Typesetting piecewise functions using Plain TeX syntax
- [`\cfrac`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/cfrac): Used for continued fractions, with an optional alignment selector for the numerator and denominator within the fraction.
- [`\check`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/check): Used to place a check or caron accent over a math symbol or grouped expression.
- [`\choose`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/choose): Plain-TeX infix binomial-style form with parentheses as fixed delimiters and no fraction bar.
- [`\color`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/color): Switches the current color for the rest of the enclosing group, used to highlight terms in a formula; an optional model argument such as rgb, RGB, or gray gives the color numerically.
- [`\colorbox`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/colorbox): Places text, optionally with inline math, on a colored background to highlight a short note or result; an optional model argument gives the background color numerically.
- [`\comm`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/comm): Used to typeset operator commutators such as [A,B] in quantum mechanics and algebra.
- [`\commutator`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/commutator): Used in quantum mechanics and algebra to denote the commutator [A,B] = AB - BA of two operators or elements
- [`\cos`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/cos): Used for cosine in trigonometric formulas, identities, and Fourier-style calculations
- [`\cosecant`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/cosecant): Alternate physics-package name for the cosecant function in formulas
- [`\cosh`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/cosh): Used for hyperbolic cosine in analysis, differential equations, and mathematical physics
- [`\cosine`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/cosine): Alternate physics-package name for the cosine function in formulas
- [`\cot`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/cot): Used for cotangent in trigonometric identities and analytic derivations
- [`\cotangent`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/cotangent): Alternate physics-package name for the cotangent function in formulas
- [`\coth`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/coth): Used for hyperbolic cotangent in analysis and specialized mathematical formulas
- [`\cr`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/cr): Used to terminate rows in primitive TeX alignment structures, sometimes seen in legacy matrix environments.
- [`\csc`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/csc): Used for cosecant in trigonometric identities and specialized calculations
- [`\csch`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/csch): Used for hyperbolic cosecant notation, including bracketed powers such as \csch[2](x).
- [`\curl`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/curl): Used in physics contexts to represent the curl operator applied to vector fields, with optional delimited arguments
- [`\dagger`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/dagger): Used for dagger symbols in running text, footnote markers, and textual annotations
- [`\dbinom`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/dbinom): Display-style binomial coefficients forced in tighter contexts when a larger binomial layout is preferred.
- [`\dd`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/dd): Typesets a differential symbol in derivatives, integrals, and measure notation, optionally with an order in brackets and with an attached braced or parenthesized quantity.
- [`\ddagger`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/ddagger): Used for double-dagger symbols in running text, secondary footnote markers, and textual annotations
- [`\ddddot`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/ddddot): Used for a four-dot accent, most often in very specialized higher-order derivative notation.
- [`\dddot`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/dddot): Used for a triple-dot accent, typically for higher-order derivatives or specialized notation.
- [`\ddot`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/ddot): Used to place a double-dot accent over variables, commonly in derivative notation or specialized symbols.
- [`\DeclareMathOperator`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/DeclareMathOperator): Defines a custom named math operator once, so later uses like \foo behave as proper operators (e.g. for custom operators such as argmax, rank, or Res).
- [`\definecolor`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/definecolor): Defines a named color from a model and a specification, such as RGB with 204,85,0, so that later color commands can refer to it by name; it produces no output itself.
- [`\deg`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/deg): Used for degree as a named operator in algebra, graph theory, and related notation
- [`\derivative`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/derivative): Verbose physics-package command for ordinary derivatives, including higher-order and starred slash-style forms.
- [`\det`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/det): Used for the determinant of a matrix
- [`\determinant`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/determinant): Alternate physics-package name for the determinant operator
- [`\dfrac`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/dfrac): Display-style fractions forced in contexts such as inline math or nested formulas when a larger fraction layout is wanted.
- [`\diagonalmatrix`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/diagonalmatrix): Used to generate a diagonal matrix from a comma-separated list of entries, typically inside \mqty{...} or related physics matrix macros.
- [`\diffd`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/diffd): Used to produce the differential operator 'd', automatically adapting between upright and italic forms based on package options.
- [`\differential`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/differential): Typesets a differential symbol in calculus or physics notation, optionally with an order in brackets and with an attached braced or parenthesized quantity.
- [`\dim`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/dim): Used for dimension as a named operator in linear algebra and geometry
- [`\displaylines`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/displaylines): Typesetting multiple centered equation lines using Plain TeX syntax
- [`\displaystyle`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/displaystyle): Forces display-style math within the current math group, commonly to make inline fractions, sums, or integrals use display sizing.
- [`\div`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/div): Used in physics contexts to represent the divergence operator applied to vector fields, with optional delimited arguments
- [`\divergence`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/divergence): Used in physics contexts to represent the divergence operator applied to vector fields, with optional delimited arguments
- [`\dmat`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/dmat): Used as a short alias for building a diagonal matrix from a comma-separated list of entries, typically inside \mqty{...}.
- [`\dot`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/dot): Used to place a single dot accent over a symbol or grouped expression, often for time derivatives.
- [`\dots`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/dots): Used for ellipses in mathematical sequences and equations, with MathJax choosing low or centered dots from surrounding context.
- [`\dv`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/dv): Shorthand ordinary-derivative command from the physics package, used for derivatives like d/dx and higher-order derivatives.
- [`\dyad`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/dyad): Used in bra-ket notation for dyads or projector-like operators in quantum mechanics.
- [`\emph`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/emph): Used in text mode to emphasize text, typically rendering as italics
- [`\enspace`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/enspace): Used to insert a half-em horizontal space in math expressions when manual spacing is desired.
- [`\ensuremath`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/ensuremath): 
- [`\eqalign`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/eqalign): Typesetting aligned equations using Plain TeX syntax
- [`\eqalignno`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/eqalignno): Typesetting aligned equations with right-aligned equation numbers using Plain TeX syntax
- [`\eqref`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/eqref): Referencing a numbered equation by label, typically producing a parenthesized equation number in AMS math input.
- [`\erf`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/erf): Used for the error function, often as \erf x or \erf(x) in applied mathematics and physics writing.
- [`\ev`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/ev): Used in quantum mechanics to denote expectation values of operators
- [`\eval`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/eval): Marks evaluation of an expression at bounds, especially in calculus or physics notation such as applying |_a^b to an antiderivative or intermediate result.
- [`\evaluated`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/evaluated): Marks evaluation of an expression at bounds, especially in calculus or physics notation such as applying |_a^b to an antiderivative or intermediate result.
- [`\exp`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/exp): Used for the exponential function in analysis, calculus, and differential equations
- [`\expectationvalue`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/expectationvalue): Used in quantum mechanics to denote expectation values of operators
- [`\exponential`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/exponential): Alternate physics-package name for the exponential function operator
- [`\expval`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/expval): Used in quantum mechanics to denote expectation values of operators
- [`\fbox`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/fbox): Used to draw a rectangular border (box) around mathematical or text content.
- [`\fcolorbox`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/fcolorbox): Places text, optionally with inline math, in a framed box with separate frame and background colors to call out a result or warning; optional model arguments give each color numerically, and the background model defaults to the frame model.
- [`\fderivative`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/fderivative): Alternative abbreviated physics-package command for functional or variational derivatives.
- [`\fdv`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/fdv): Shorthand physics-package command for functional or variational derivatives, especially in field-theory notation.
- [`\flatfrac`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/flatfrac): Used for compact slash-style fractions without a stacked numerator and denominator
- [`\frac`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/frac): Standard fractions in mathematical expressions, derivations, and formulas.
- [`\frak`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/frak): Used to typeset symbols in Fraktur style, often for ideals, Lie algebras, or specialized notation.
- [`\framebox`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/framebox): Used to place text or math inside a framed box, optionally specifying the width and horizontal alignment.
- [`\functionalderivative`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/functionalderivative): Verbose physics-package command for functional or variational derivatives in field theory and variational calculus.
- [`\gcd`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/gcd): Used for greatest-common-divisor notation in number theory and algebra.
- [`\genfrac`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/genfrac): Low-level AMS generalized fraction primitive used to build custom fractions or binomial-style forms with chosen delimiters, line thickness, and math style.
- [`\goodbreak`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/goodbreak): Used to encourage a permissible line break at the current point in a math expression, typically around operators in long displayed formulas.
- [`\grad`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/grad): Used to denote the gradient operator, either before a following expression or with an immediately following (), [], or braced application.
- [`\gradient`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/gradient): Used to denote the gradient operator, either before a following expression or with an immediately following (), [], or braced application.
- [`\grave`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/grave): Used to place a grave accent over a math symbol or grouped expression.
- [`\hat`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hat): Used to place a hat accent over variables, estimators, transforms, and grouped expressions.
- [`\hbox`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hbox): Low-level boxing of short text fragments inside math expressions.
- [`\hdashline`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hdashline): Used inside math array or matrix-style alignments to draw a dashed horizontal rule at the top of the array or between rows.
- [`\hfil`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hfil): Used as the lower-level TeX primitive form of \hfill inside an array-like cell; in MathJax it marks a fill position that later affects the cell's alignment.
- [`\hfill`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hfill): Used inside an array-like cell to mark a horizontal fill position that MathJax later converts into cell alignment metadata; at the start or end of a cell it can force right/left alignment, and markers at both ends center the entry.
- [`\hfilll`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hfilll): MathJax compatibility alias for array-cell fill markers; used like \hfill inside an array-like cell when input contains the nonstandard name \hfilll.
- [`\hline`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hline): Used inside math array or matrix-style alignments to draw a solid horizontal rule at the top of the array or between rows.
- [`\hom`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hom): Used for Hom in algebra, category theory, and homological algebra
- [`\hphantom`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hphantom): Used to reserve horizontal space in a mathematical formula corresponding to the argument, while taking up zero vertical space.
- [`\hsize`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hsize): Used in TeX-style box constructions to set the horizontal size/line width that subsequent \vbox, \vtop, or \vcenter content should use for wrapping.
- [`\hskip`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hskip): Low-level manual horizontal spacing in math expressions or macro definitions.
- [`\hspace`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hspace): Manual horizontal spacing around symbols or subexpressions in math formulas.
- [`\huge`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/huge): Used to make subsequent math very large for strong emphasis in a local scope.
- [`\Huge`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Huge): Used to make subsequent math extremely large within a local group or short emphasized expression.
- [`\hypcosecant`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hypcosecant): Alternate physics-package name for the hyperbolic cosecant function
- [`\hypcosine`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hypcosine): Alternate physics-package name for the hyperbolic cosine function
- [`\hypcotangent`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hypcotangent): Alternate physics-package name for the hyperbolic cotangent function
- [`\hypsecant`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hypsecant): Alternate physics-package name for the hyperbolic secant function
- [`\hypsine`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hypsine): Alternate physics-package name for the hyperbolic sine function
- [`\hyptangent`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/hyptangent): Alternate physics-package name for the hyperbolic tangent function
- [`\identitymatrix`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/identitymatrix): Generates the entries of an n×n identity matrix from a dimension argument, usually inside a matrix or array context or within other physics-package matrix macros.
- [`\idotsint`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/idotsint): Used for ellipsis-style multiple integrals in AMS math notation, especially when writing iterated or higher-dimensional integrals with omitted intermediate integral signs.
- [`\iff`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/iff): Used to denote logical equivalence or 'if and only if' with relation spacing on both sides
- [`\Im`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Im): Used in complex analysis to denote the imaginary part operator, optionally applied to an expression in braces
- [`\imat`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/imat): Short alias for generating the entries of an n×n identity matrix from a dimension argument, typically inside a matrix or array context.
- [`\imathbb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/imathbb): Used when a dotless blackboard-bold i is needed, especially before applying accents or other constructions where the normal dotted i would be undesirable.
- [`\imathbfbb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/imathbfbb): Used for a dotless bold blackboard-bold i, mainly in specialized notation and when accents should not sit over a dot.
- [`\impliedby`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/impliedby): Used to denote reverse logical implication with spacing, commonly in logic and proofs
- [`\implies`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/implies): Used to denote logical implication with spacing, commonly in logic and proofs
- [`\inf`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/inf): Used for infimum notation in analysis, often with subscripts indicating the domain or index set.
- [`\injlim`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/injlim): Used in category theory, algebra, and homological algebra to denote an injective/direct limit, often with subscripts indicating the indexing system.
- [`\innerproduct`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/innerproduct): Used in quantum-mechanical bra-ket notation to typeset inner products such as ⟨\psi|\phi⟩ or ⟨\psi|\psi⟩.
- [`\ip`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/ip): Used in quantum-mechanical bra-ket notation as a short alias for inner products such as ⟨\psi|\phi⟩.
- [`\it`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/it): Legacy math-mode declaration for switching subsequent symbols in the current group to math italic.
- [`\itextbb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/itextbb): Used in text mode for a dotless blackboard-bold i, typically when a text-context symbol should avoid the ordinary i dot, such as before accents.
- [`\itextbfbb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/itextbfbb): Used in text mode for a dotless bold blackboard-bold i in specialized text notation, particularly when accents should not combine with the normal i dot.
- [`\jmathbb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/jmathbb): Used when a dotless blackboard-bold j is needed, especially in accented forms or other notation where the normal dotted j would be undesirable.
- [`\jmathbfbb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/jmathbfbb): Used for a dotless bold blackboard-bold j in specialized notation, especially when accent placement should avoid the ordinary dot.
- [`\jtextbb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/jtextbb): Used in text mode for a dotless blackboard-bold j, especially where accent placement or glyph shape should avoid the standard j dot.
- [`\jtextbfbb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/jtextbfbb): Used in text mode for a dotless bold blackboard-bold j in specialized text notation, especially when accent placement should avoid the ordinary j dot.
- [`\ker`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/ker): Used for kernel as a named operator in linear algebra and algebra
- [`\kern`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/kern): Fine manual spacing or kerning in math where the inserted space should inhibit a line break.
- [`\ket`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/ket): Used in Dirac bra-ket notation to denote a ket vector in quantum mechanics expressions.
- [`\Ket`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Ket): Used for ket vectors with automatically sized delimiters when the enclosed content is tall or complex.
- [`\ketbra`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/ketbra): Used for outer products or bra-ket operators in Dirac notation, combining a ket and a bra in one construct.
- [`\Ketbra`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Ketbra): Used for outer products in Dirac notation with automatically sized delimiters around both the ket and bra parts.
- [`\label`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/label): Labels an equation or displayed math expression so it can be referenced later with commands like \ref.
- [`\laplacian`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/laplacian): Used for the Laplacian operator on a field, either before a following expression or with an immediately following (), [], or braced application.
- [`\large`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/large): Used to enlarge subsequent math slightly for emphasis or display within a local group.
- [`\Large`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Large): Used to enlarge subsequent math more noticeably within a local scope, such as a highlighted symbol or short expression.
- [`\LARGE`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/LARGE): Used to make subsequent math substantially larger within a local group or short formula fragment.
- [`\LaTeX`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/LaTeX): Used to typeset the LaTeX logo as a stylized wordmark inside mathematics
- [`\ldots`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/ldots): Used for ellipses in running text and prose
- [`\left`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/left): Used with \right to open automatically sized fences around a mathematical expression, including cases with an invisible delimiter such as \left.
- [`\leftroot`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/leftroot): Used inside a \root...\of expression to shift the root index leftward relative to the radical.
- [`\leqalignno`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/leqalignno): Typesetting aligned equations with left-aligned equation numbers using Plain TeX syntax
- [`\lg`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/lg): Used for decimal logarithm notation in some mathematical writing traditions
- [`\lim`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/lim): Used for mathematical limits
- [`\liminf`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/liminf): Used for limit inferior notation in analysis, ergodic theory, and probability.
- [`\limits`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/limits): Used after large operators such as \sum or \lim to force limits-style placement of following subscripts and superscripts above/below the operator.
- [`\limsup`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/limsup): Used for limit superior notation in analysis, ergodic theory, and probability.
- [`\llap`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/llap): Used to place material flush-left in zero width so it overlaps neighboring math without contributing horizontal width, typically for manual annotations or adjusted symbol placement.
- [`\ln`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/ln): Used for the natural logarithm in calculus, analysis, and applied mathematics
- [`\log`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/log): Used for logarithms in algebra, calculus, asymptotics, and applied mathematics
- [`\logarithm`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/logarithm): Alternate physics-package name for the logarithm operator
- [`\lower`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/lower): Adjusting the vertical baseline of an inline formula or text segment.
- [`\makebox`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/makebox): Used to place content in a horizontal box with optional width and alignment, especially for layout/presentation control around short text or math fragments.
- [`\mathbb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathbb): Used for double-struck symbols such as standard number sets like ℝ, ℤ, or ℚ.
- [`\mathbf`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathbf): Used to typeset bold mathematical symbols, commonly for vectors, matrices, or emphasized variables.
- [`\mathbfbb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathbfbb): Used in documents that need a bold blackboard-bold alphabet from the bboldx package, e.g. emphasizing special symbol families while keeping blackboard-bold styling.
- [`\mathbfcal`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathbfcal): Used for bold calligraphic symbols in specialized notation.
- [`\mathbffrak`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathbffrak): Used for bold Fraktur symbols in specialized notation.
- [`\mathbfit`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathbfit): Used for bold-italic mathematical symbols in specialized notation.
- [`\mathbfscr`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathbfscr): Used for bold script symbols in specialized notation.
- [`\mathbfsf`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathbfsf): Used for bold sans-serif mathematical symbols.
- [`\mathbfsfit`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathbfsfit): Used for bold sans-serif italic mathematical symbols.
- [`\mathbfsfup`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathbfsfup): Used for upright bold sans-serif mathematical symbols in unicode-math style notation.
- [`\mathbfup`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathbfup): Used to request upright bold math letters in unicode-math style notation.
- [`\mathbin`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathbin): Used to assign the binary operator math class to a symbol for correct spacing.
- [`\mathcal`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathcal): Used for calligraphic symbols, often for sets, spaces, or families of objects.
- [`\mathchoice`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathchoice): Low-level style-dependent math macros that provide separate display, text, script, and scriptscript forms, typically inside macro definitions or specialized package code.
- [`\mathclose`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathclose): Used to assign the close delimiter math class, like a right parenthesis.
- [`\mathfrak`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathfrak): Used to typeset symbols in Fraktur style, often for ideals, Lie algebras, or specialized notation.
- [`\mathinner`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathinner): Used to assign the inner math class, typical for fractions and certain delimited expressions.
- [`\mathit`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathit): Used to typeset mathematical symbols in italic style.
- [`\mathnormal`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathnormal): Used to reset content to MathJax's default math font behavior inside a surrounding styled expression.
- [`\mathop`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathop): Used to declare a mathematical operator, enabling operator spacing and limits.
- [`\mathopen`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathopen): Used to assign the open delimiter math class, like a left parenthesis.
- [`\mathord`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathord): Used to assign the ordinary math class to an expression, affecting horizontal spacing.
- [`\mathpunct`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathpunct): Used to assign the punctuation math class, formatting it like a comma or semicolon.
- [`\mathrel`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathrel): Used to assign the relation math class to a symbol, treating it like an equals sign for spacing.
- [`\mathring`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathring): Used to place a ring accent over a math symbol or expression.
- [`\mathrm`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathrm): Used to force upright roman math letters inside formulas, for example for named constants or non-italic variables.
- [`\mathscr`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathscr): Used for script-style symbols, often for sets, sheaves, or operators.
- [`\mathsf`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathsf): Used for sans-serif mathematical symbols.
- [`\mathsfit`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathsfit): Used for sans-serif italic mathematical symbols.
- [`\mathsfup`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathsfup): Used for upright sans-serif mathematical symbols in unicode-math style notation.
- [`\mathstrut`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathstrut): Used as an invisible math strut to force consistent height and depth in formulas, arrays, or aligned material
- [`\mathtt`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathtt): Used for monospace mathematical symbols, such as code-like identifiers or fixed-width notation.
- [`\mathup`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mathup): Used to force upright math letters, especially in unicode-math style notation where upright and italic forms are named separately.
- [`\matrix`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/matrix): Typesetting a matrix without delimiters using Plain TeX syntax
- [`\matrixdeterminant`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/matrixdeterminant): Used to denote a determinant by wrapping matrix contents in vertical bars
- [`\matrixel`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/matrixel): Used in quantum-mechanics bra-ket notation to write matrix elements such as ⟨a|H|b⟩.
- [`\matrixelement`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/matrixelement): Used in quantum-mechanics bra-ket notation to write matrix elements such as ⟨a|H|b⟩.
- [`\matrixquantity`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/matrixquantity): Used to typeset matrix quantities in physics notation, optionally with parentheses, brackets, braces-as-input, or vertical bars around the matrix body.
- [`\max`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/max): Used for the maximum of a set or expression
- [`\mbox`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mbox): Boxing short text fragments inside math expressions without line breaking.
- [`\mdet`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mdet): Used as a short alias for determinant notation around matrix contents
- [`\mel`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mel): Used in quantum-mechanics bra-ket notation to write matrix elements such as ⟨a|H|b⟩.
- [`\middle`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/middle): Used inside a \left...\right pair to insert an automatically sized internal separator, such as in set-builder notation or bra-ket style expressions.
- [`\min`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/min): Used for the minimum of a set or expression
- [`\mit`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mit): Legacy plain-TeX-style math declaration for forcing subsequent symbols in the current group to italic.
- [`\mkern`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mkern): Fine math kerning between symbols where the inserted space should not become a line-break opportunity.
- [`\mmlToken`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mmlToken): Advanced MathJax-specific construction of raw MathML token elements, typically inside macro substitutions or specialized extensions that need to emit a particular token node with optional attributes.
- [`\mod`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mod): Used in modular arithmetic to write an unparenthesized modulus qualifier after an expression
- [`\moveleft`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/moveleft): Low-level TeX box-positioning syntax for shifting the next math item or box horizontally by a specified dimension.
- [`\moveright`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/moveright): Low-level TeX box-positioning syntax for shifting the next math item or box horizontally by a specified dimension.
- [`\mqty`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mqty): Used as the short physics-package command for matrix quantities, with optional parentheses, brackets, braces-as-input, or vertical bars around the matrix body.
- [`\mskip`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mskip): Manual math spacing between atoms using an explicit dimension.
- [`\mspace`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/mspace): Explicit math spacing with a manually chosen width.
- [`\naturallogarithm`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/naturallogarithm): Alternate physics-package name for the natural logarithm operator
- [`\negmedspace`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/negmedspace): Used in AMS math expressions to tighten spacing by a medium negative amount between adjacent symbols or subexpressions.
- [`\negthickspace`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/negthickspace): Used in AMS math expressions to tighten spacing by a thick negative amount between adjacent symbols or subexpressions.
- [`\negthinspace`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/negthinspace): Used to insert a small negative horizontal space in math to tighten spacing between adjacent symbols.
- [`\newcolumntype`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/newcolumntype): Used to define reusable array/tabular column specifiers, including parameterized column types for custom preambles.
- [`\newline`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/newline): Forcing a line break in displayed math or matrix/array-like material as a named alternative to a bare \\.
- [`\nobreak`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/nobreak): Used to suppress a line break at the current point in a math expression, often between tightly bound terms or operators.
- [`\nobreakspace`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/nobreakspace): Used to insert an explicit nonbreaking space in math expressions, especially where ordinary spaces would be ignored.
- [`\nolimits`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/nolimits): Used after operators such as \sum or \int to force ordinary subscript/superscript placement instead of above/below limits placement.
- [`\nonscript`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/nonscript): Used before a space command to suppress that spacing in subscripts, superscripts, or other script styles while keeping it in the main math style.
- [`\nonumber`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/nonumber): Suppresses automatic equation numbering for a particular row or display in multiline equation environments and other taggable displayed-math contexts.
- [`\norm`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/norm): Used for norm notation with double bars around a required brace-delimited expression, optionally starred for plain non-stretchy fences.
- [`\normalsize`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/normalsize): Used to reset subsequent math back to normal size after a local size change.
- [`\not`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/not): Used to negate relation and operator symbols by overlaying a slash, e.g., \\not= produces ≠, \\not\\in produces ∉
- [`\notag`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/notag): Used inside AMS display environments such as align or gather to suppress the equation number/tag for the current row
- [`\of`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/of): 
- [`\oldstyle`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/oldstyle): Changes the font of subsequent numerals in the current group to oldstyle.
- [`\op`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/op): Used as a short alias for outer-product or ket-bra notation in compact quantum mechanics formulas.
- [`\operatorname`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/operatorname): Used to create named math operators such as \operatorname{sgn} or limit-style operators via \operatorname*{lim} when no predefined operator macro exists.
- [`\order`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/order): Used for Big-O notation in asymptotic estimates, such as wrapping the growth term inside parentheses.
- [`\outerproduct`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/outerproduct): Used in quantum mechanics to denote outer products or rank-one operators such as |\psi\rangle\langle\phi|.
- [`\over`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/over): Plain-TeX infix fraction form placed between a numerator on the left and a denominator on the right.
- [`\overbrace`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/overbrace): Used to place a brace over an expression, often with a superscript label indicating grouping or annotation.
- [`\overleftarrow`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/overleftarrow): Used to place a left-pointing arrow over an expression, for reversed vectors, maps, or directed notation.
- [`\overleftrightarrow`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/overleftrightarrow): Used to place a double-headed arrow over an expression, for bijections, equivalences, or two-way directional notation.
- [`\overline`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/overline): Used to place a bar over a mathematical symbol or expression, e.g. conjugates, closures, or repeated decimals.
- [`\overparen`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/overparen): Used to draw a curved mark over an expression, typically for grouping or geometric notation.
- [`\overrightarrow`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/overrightarrow): Used to place a right-pointing arrow over an expression, commonly for vectors, directed segments, or transformations.
- [`\overset`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/overset): Used to place a symbol or text above another mathematical symbol or relation.
- [`\overunderset`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/overunderset): Places simultaneous over- and under-annotations on a base expression, e.g. labeling a symbol with text or arrows above and below it.
- [`\overwithdelims`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/overwithdelims): Plain-TeX infix generalized fraction with explicit left and right delimiters before the denominator.
- [`\parbox`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/parbox): Creates a fixed-width paragraph box around content, with optional vertical alignment, for line-breaking or boxing short text/math material.
- [`\partialderivative`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/partialderivative): Verbose physics-package command for partial derivatives, including mixed partials and higher-order forms.
- [`\paulimatrix`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/paulimatrix): Used in quantum mechanics and quantum computing to generate 2×2 Pauli matrices (σ_0, σ_x, σ_y, σ_z) within matrix environments
- [`\pb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/pb): Shorthand for \\poissonbracket, used in classical mechanics to denote the Poisson bracket {f,g}
- [`\pderivative`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/pderivative): Alternative abbreviated physics-package command for partial derivatives and mixed partials.
- [`\pdv`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/pdv): Shorthand physics-package command for partial derivatives, including mixed partials and higher-order forms.
- [`\phantom`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/phantom): Used to reserve space in mathematical formulas equal to the size of the argument without printing it.
- [`\pmat`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/pmat): Shorthand for generating 2×2 Pauli matrices in quantum mechanics and quantum computing contexts within matrix environments
- [`\pmatrix`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/pmatrix): Typesetting a matrix with parentheses using Plain TeX syntax
- [`\pmb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/pmb): Used as a pseudo-bold fallback to make a symbol appear heavier by overprinting it
- [`\pmod`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/pmod): Used in congruence notation to add a parenthesized modulus such as x \equiv y \pmod{n}
- [`\pmqty`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/pmqty): Used as a parenthesized matrix-quantity shorthand
- [`\Pmqty`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Pmqty): Used as a parenthesized matrix-quantity shorthand with the starred delimiter form
- [`\pod`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/pod): Used to add a parenthesized qualifier such as a modulus or side condition after an expression
- [`\poissonbracket`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/poissonbracket): Used in classical mechanics and symplectic geometry to denote the Poisson bracket {f,g} of two functions
- [`\pqty`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/pqty): Used to parenthesize a required expression in physics-package notation, with optional starred plain fences or sized-fence prefixes.
- [`\Pr`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Pr): Used for the probability of an event
- [`\principalvalue`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/principalvalue): Used in complex analysis and distribution theory to denote the Cauchy principal value
- [`\Probability`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Probability): Alternate physics-package name for the probability operator
- [`\projlim`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/projlim): Used in algebra, topology, and category theory to denote a projective/inverse limit, often with subscripts indicating the indexing system.
- [`\pv`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/pv): Used in complex analysis and distribution theory to denote the Cauchy principal value (short form)
- [`\PV`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/PV): Used in complex analysis and distribution theory to denote the principal value (alternative notation)
- [`\qall`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qall): Inserts the word 'all' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qand`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qand): Inserts the word 'and' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qas`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qas): Inserts the word 'as' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qassume`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qassume): Inserts the word 'assume' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qc`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qc): Used as a short alias to insert a comma with quick-quad math prose spacing
- [`\qcc`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qcc): Inserts the fixed text 'c.c.' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qcomma`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qcomma): Used to insert a comma with quick-quad math prose spacing
- [`\qelse`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qelse): Inserts the word 'else' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qeven`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qeven): Inserts the word 'even' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qfor`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qfor): Inserts the word 'for' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qgiven`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qgiven): Inserts the word 'given' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qif`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qif): Inserts the word 'if' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qin`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qin): Inserts the word 'in' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qinteger`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qinteger): Inserts the word 'integer' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qlet`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qlet): Inserts the word 'let' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qodd`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qodd): Inserts the word 'odd' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qor`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qor): Inserts the word 'or' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qotherwise`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qotherwise): Inserts the word 'otherwise' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qq`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qq): Inserts custom inline text between math expressions using the physics package's quick-quad spacing helpers.
- [`\qqtext`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qqtext): Inserts custom inline text between math expressions using the physics package's quick-quad spacing helpers.
- [`\qquad`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qquad): Used to insert a double-em horizontal space in math displays, often to separate larger formula parts.
- [`\qsince`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qsince): Inserts the word 'since' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qthen`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qthen): Inserts the word 'then' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qty`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qty): Used as the short physics-package form of \quantity for automatic bracing around the following paired-delimiter expression.
- [`\quad`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/quad): Used to insert a one-em horizontal space between parts of a math formula or displayed equation.
- [`\quantity`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/quantity): Used in physics-style notation to wrap an expression in automatically chosen fences, e.g. parentheses, brackets, braces, or absolute-value bars, with an empty default when no recognized delimiter follows.
- [`\qunless`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qunless): Inserts the word 'unless' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\qusing`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/qusing): Inserts the word 'using' between math expressions with the physics package's quick-quad spacing.
- [`\raise`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/raise): Adjusting the vertical baseline of an inline formula or text segment.
- [`\raisebox`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/raisebox): 
- [`\rank`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/rank): Used to denote the rank of a matrix, tensor, or linear map
- [`\Re`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Re): Used in complex analysis to denote the real part operator, optionally applied to an expression in braces
- [`\ref`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/ref): Used for cross-references to previously labeled equations or other numbered objects in mathematical expressions.
- [`\Res`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Res): Used for residue operators in complex analysis, either before a following expression or with immediately following (), [], or braced application.
- [`\Residue`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Residue): Used as a residue label in complex-analysis or contour-integration formulas
- [`\right`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/right): Used to close automatically sized fences opened by \left around a mathematical expression.
- [`\rlap`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/rlap): Used to place material flush-right in zero width so it overlaps neighboring math without contributing horizontal width, typically for manual annotations or adjusted symbol placement.
- [`\rm`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/rm): Legacy math-mode declaration for switching subsequent symbols in the current group to upright/roman.
- [`\root`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/root): Legacy/plain-TeX nth-root notation such as \root 3 \of x, mainly for compatibility with older TeX sources rather than modern LaTeX style.
- [`\rule`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/rule): Used to insert a solid rectangular rule with a specified width and height, optionally shifted vertically via an optional bracket argument.
- [`\Rule`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Rule): Used to insert a solid rectangular rule with explicit width, height, and depth in mathematical material.
- [`\S`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/S): Used for section-sign references in running text, especially legal, editorial, and scholarly citations
- [`\sbmqty`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/sbmqty): Used for small matrix quantities enclosed in square brackets
- [`\scalebox`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/scalebox): 
- [`\scriptscriptstyle`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/scriptscriptstyle): Forces scriptscript-style math for deeply nested scripts or specialized manual size adjustments.
- [`\scriptsize`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/scriptsize): Used to make subsequent math smaller, often for compact annotations or locally reduced formulas.
- [`\scriptstyle`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/scriptstyle): Forces script-style math, typically for manually sized subscripts, superscripts, or compact custom notations.
- [`\sec`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/sec): Used for secant in trigonometric formulas and identities
- [`\secant`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/secant): Alternate physics-package name for the secant function in formulas
- [`\sech`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/sech): Used for hyperbolic secant notation, including bracketed powers such as \sech[2](x).
- [`\set`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/set): Used for set-builder style notation with fixed-size braces, typically with one bar separator.
- [`\Set`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Set): Used for set-builder style notation with automatically sized braces and thin inner spacing.
- [`\sf`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/sf): Legacy math-mode declaration for switching subsequent symbols in the current group to sans-serif.
- [`\shoveleft`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/shoveleft): Used at the start of a line in an AMS multline display to force that line to be left-aligned instead of the default multline placement.
- [`\shoveright`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/shoveright): Used at the start of a line in an AMS multline display to force that line to be right-aligned instead of the default multline placement.
- [`\sideset`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/sideset): Adding prescripts and postscripts to large operators while preserving correct spacing and centering.
- [`\sin`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/sin): Used for sine in trigonometric formulas, identities, and calculus
- [`\sine`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/sine): Alternate physics-package name for the sine function in formulas
- [`\sinh`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/sinh): Used for hyperbolic sine in analysis, differential equations, and mathematical physics
- [`\skew`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/skew): Used for manual horizontal skewing/overlap adjustments between symbols or accents in specialized mathematical typography
- [`\small`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/small): Used to make subsequent math slightly smaller within a local scope, such as a compact subexpression or note.
- [`\smallmatrixquantity`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/smallmatrixquantity): Used to typeset small or inline matrix quantities in physics notation, optionally with parentheses, brackets, braces-as-input, or vertical bars around the matrix body.
- [`\smash`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/smash): Used to suppress an expression’s height and/or depth so it does not affect surrounding layout, such as line spacing or delimiter sizing.
- [`\smdet`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/smdet): Used for small determinant notation around compact matrix contents
- [`\smqty`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/smqty): Used as the short command for small or inline physics-package matrix quantities, with optional parentheses, brackets, braces-as-input, or vertical bars around the body.
- [`\space`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/space): Inserts an explicit nonbreaking space in math input, typically when the author wants literal whitespace preserved between math atoms.
- [`\Space`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Space): Used to insert an explicit blank box/space with specified width, height, and depth in math mode.
- [`\spmqty`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/spmqty): Used as a compact parenthesized small-matrix shorthand
- [`\sPmqty`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/sPmqty): Used as a starred parenthesized small-matrix shorthand
- [`\sqrt`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/sqrt): Used for square roots and n-th roots in mathematical expressions, including radicands given as a single token, a grouped expression, or a bare fraction command.
- [`\stackbin`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/stackbin): Used for the less common case of placing a label above a binary operator while preserving binary-operator class
- [`\stackrel`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/stackrel): Used to place a label or annotation above a relation symbol, such as writing a symbol with text or another symbol over it
- [`\strut`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/strut): Used to insert a vertical space with standard height and depth without affecting horizontal spacing, often useful inside tabular environments or fractions to prevent layout collapsing.
- [`\substack`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/substack): Stacking short expressions on multiple lines, typically inside subscripts, superscripts, or under limit operators.
- [`\sup`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/sup): Used for the supremum of a set or mathematical expression
- [`\svmqty`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/svmqty): Used for small determinant-style matrix quantities enclosed by vertical bars
- [`\symbb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symbb): Used for double-struck symbols such as standard number sets like ℝ, ℤ, or ℚ, with unicode-math style command naming.
- [`\symbf`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symbf): Used to typeset bold mathematical symbols with unicode-math style command names.
- [`\symbfcal`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symbfcal): Used for bold calligraphic symbols in specialized notation, with unicode-math style command naming.
- [`\symbffrak`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symbffrak): Used for bold Fraktur symbols in specialized notation, with unicode-math style command naming.
- [`\symbfit`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symbfit): Used for bold-italic mathematical symbols with unicode-math style command names.
- [`\symbfscr`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symbfscr): Used for bold script symbols in specialized notation, with unicode-math style command naming.
- [`\symbfsf`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symbfsf): Used for bold sans-serif mathematical symbols with unicode-math style command naming.
- [`\symbfsfit`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symbfsfit): Used for bold sans-serif italic mathematical symbols with unicode-math style command naming.
- [`\symbfsfup`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symbfsfup): Used to request upright bold sans-serif mathematical symbols with unicode-math style command names.
- [`\symbfup`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symbfup): Used to request upright bold math letters with unicode-math style command names.
- [`\symcal`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symcal): Used for calligraphic symbols, often for sets, spaces, or families of objects, with unicode-math style command naming.
- [`\symfrak`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symfrak): Used to typeset symbols in Fraktur style, often for ideals, Lie algebras, or specialized notation, with unicode-math style command naming.
- [`\symit`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symit): Used to typeset symbols in italic style with unicode-math style command names.
- [`\symnormal`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symnormal): Used to reset content to MathJax's default math font selection inside a surrounding styled expression.
- [`\symrm`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symrm): Used to force upright roman math letters inside formulas, especially in unicode-math style notation.
- [`\symscr`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symscr): Used for script-style symbols, often for sets, sheaves, or operators, with unicode-math style command naming.
- [`\symsf`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symsf): Used for sans-serif mathematical symbols with unicode-math style command naming.
- [`\symsfit`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symsfit): Used for sans-serif italic mathematical symbols with unicode-math style command naming.
- [`\symsfup`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symsfup): Used to request upright sans-serif mathematical symbols with unicode-math style command names.
- [`\symtt`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symtt): Used for monospace mathematical symbols, such as code-like identifiers or fixed-width notation, with unicode-math style command naming.
- [`\symup`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/symup): Used to request upright math letters with unicode-math style command names.
- [`\tag`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/tag): Used to override or supply a custom equation tag/number in AMS display math, with an optional starred form for an unparenthesized tag.
- [`\tan`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/tan): Used for tangent in trigonometric formulas, identities, and calculus
- [`\tangent`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/tangent): Alternate physics-package name for the tangent function in formulas
- [`\tanh`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/tanh): Used for hyperbolic tangent in analysis, differential equations, and related formulas
- [`\tbinom`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/tbinom): Text-style binomial coefficients for tighter layouts, especially inside displayed formulas or nested expressions.
- [`\TeX`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/TeX): Used to typeset the TeX logo as a stylized wordmark inside mathematics
- [`\text`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/text): Inserting words or short phrases into mathematical expressions.
- [`\textbb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/textbb): Used in text mode to apply blackboard bold font variant to text, with font selection based on bboldx package options
- [`\textbf`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/textbf): Bold text labels or emphasis inside math expressions.
- [`\textbfbb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/textbfbb): Used in text mode to apply bold blackboard bold font variant to text, with font selection based on bboldx package options
- [`\textcolor`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/textcolor): Colors a single argument, used to highlight one term in a formula without affecting what follows; an optional model argument such as rgb, RGB, or gray gives the color numerically.
- [`\textit`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/textit): Italic text labels or short annotations inside math expressions.
- [`\textnormal`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/textnormal): Resetting inserted text to the surrounding normal text style inside math expressions.
- [`\textrm`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/textrm): Roman/upright text inside math expressions, especially in older LaTeX source.
- [`\textsf`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/textsf): Sans-serif text labels or identifiers inside math expressions.
- [`\textstyle`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/textstyle): Restores or forces text-style math within the current math group, often inside displayed formulas or after a broader style change.
- [`\texttt`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/texttt): Monospace or code-like text inside math expressions.
- [`\textup`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/textup): Explicitly setting inserted text upright inside math expressions.
- [`\tfrac`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/tfrac): Text-style fractions, often used inside displayed equations or tighter layouts where a smaller fraction form is desired.
- [`\thinspace`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/thinspace): Used to insert a small positive horizontal space in math when explicit fine spacing is needed.
- [`\tilde`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/tilde): Used to place a tilde accent over variables, operators, or grouped expressions.
- [`\tiny`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/tiny): Used to make subsequent math very small within a local group or short formula fragment.
- [`\Tiny`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Tiny): Used as a non-standard extra-small size switch for subsequent math when a step smaller than \scriptsize is wanted but larger than \tiny.
- [`\tr`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/tr): Used for matrix trace notation in the short lowercase form, as in \tr A or \tr(A).
- [`\Tr`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Tr): Used for matrix trace notation in the capitalized form, as in \Tr A or \Tr(A).
- [`\trace`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/trace): Used for trace function in linear algebra expressions
- [`\Trace`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/Trace): Used for trace function in linear algebra expressions
- [`\tt`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/tt): Legacy math-mode declaration for switching subsequent symbols in the current group to monospace/typewriter style.
- [`\u`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/u): Used in text mode to place a breve accent over the following letter, typically for transliterated names or languages that use breve-marked Latin characters.
- [`\underbrace`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/underbrace): Used to place a brace under an expression, often with a subscript label indicating grouping or annotation.
- [`\underleftarrow`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/underleftarrow): Used to place a left-pointing arrow under an expression for reversed directional notation.
- [`\underleftrightarrow`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/underleftrightarrow): Used to place a double-headed arrow under an expression for two-way directional or annotated notation.
- [`\underline`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/underline): Used to place an underline under a mathematical symbol or expression in formulas.
- [`\underparen`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/underparen): Used to draw a curved mark under an expression, typically for grouping or geometric notation.
- [`\underrightarrow`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/underrightarrow): Used to place a right-pointing arrow under an expression for directional or annotated notation.
- [`\underset`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/underset): Places one math expression beneath a base expression, commonly for labels or annotations under operators, relations, or arrows.
- [`\uproot`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/uproot): Used inside a \root...\of expression to shift the root index upward relative to the radical.
- [`\v`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/v): Used in text mode to place a caron accent over the following letter, especially for Czech, Slovak, or other Slavic names and words.
- [`\va`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/va): Shorthand physics-package command for a bold vector with an arrow accent.
- [`\var`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/var): Typesets a variation symbol for variational calculus or functional-variation notation, optionally with an order in brackets and with an attached braced or parenthesized quantity.
- [`\variation`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/variation): Typesets a variation symbol for variational calculus or functional-variation notation, optionally with an order in brackets and with an attached braced or parenthesized quantity.
- [`\varinjlim`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/varinjlim): Typesetting the variable-style direct-limit operator in category theory, algebra, and related areas.
- [`\varliminf`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/varliminf): Producing the variable-style limit inferior operator used in analysis notation.
- [`\varlimsup`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/varlimsup): Producing the variable-style limit superior operator used in analysis notation.
- [`\varprojlim`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/varprojlim): Typesetting the variable-style inverse-limit operator in algebra, topology, and related areas.
- [`\vb`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/vb): Used in the physics package as the short form for bold vector notation; the starred form uses the alternate bold-italic vector styling path while keeping the same argument syntax.
- [`\vbox`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/vbox): Used in plain-TeX style math constructions to place material in a vertically boxed container aligned to its bottom/baseline side.
- [`\vcenter`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/vcenter): Used in plain-TeX style math constructions to place material in a vertically boxed container aligned to its center.
- [`\vdots`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/vdots): Used for vertical ellipsis symbols in text snippets, annotated examples, and occasional inline textual notation
- [`\vec`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/vec): Used to place an arrow accent over a symbol or grouped expression, especially for vectors.
- [`\vectorarrow`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/vectorarrow): Used in physics notation to denote a bold vector with an arrow accent.
- [`\vectorbold`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/vectorbold): Used in the physics package to typeset vector symbols in bold notation; the starred form selects the alternate bold-italic vector styling path while taking the same argument shape.
- [`\vectorunit`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/vectorunit): Used in physics notation to denote a bold unit vector with a hat accent.
- [`\vmqty`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/vmqty): Used for determinant-style matrix quantities enclosed by vertical bars
- [`\vnabla`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/vnabla): Used in the physics package for vector-calculus notation, especially as the vector nabla in gradient, divergence, and curl expressions.
- [`\vphantom`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/vphantom): Used to reserve vertical space in a mathematical formula corresponding to the argument, while taking up zero horizontal space.
- [`\vqty`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/vqty): Used to surround a required expression with vertical bars, often for absolute-value-style notation in the physics package.
- [`\vtop`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/vtop): Used in plain-TeX style math constructions to place material in a vertically boxed container aligned to its top.
- [`\vu`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/vu): Shorthand physics-package command for a bold unit vector with a hat accent.
- [`\widehat`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/widehat): Used to place a wider hat accent over grouped math content, such as Fourier transforms or estimated vectors of symbols.
- [`\widetilde`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/widetilde): Used to place a wider tilde accent over grouped math content.
- [`\xleftarrow`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/xleftarrow): Used in AMS math to place annotations above or above/below a left-pointing arrow, e.g. labeled maps, inverse directions, or reverse transitions.
- [`\xmat`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/xmat): Short alias from the physics package for generating constant-entry matrices or indexed symbolic vectors/matrices without typing every cell manually, typically inside matrix-like environments.
- [`\xmatrix`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/xmatrix): Physics-package shorthand for generating constant-entry matrices or indexed symbolic vectors/matrices without typing every cell manually, typically inside matrix-like environments.
- [`\xrightarrow`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/xrightarrow): Used in AMS math to place annotations above or above/below a right-pointing arrow, e.g. labeled maps, limits, or transitions.
- [`\zeromatrix`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/zeromatrix): Used to generate all-zero matrix entries for given row and column counts, typically inside a matrix wrapper
- [`\zmat`](https://texform.dev/latex/commands/zmat): Used as a short alias for generating an all-zero matrix of given dimensions, typically inside a matrix wrapper