Accents#
Hats, bars, tildes, and other decorations.
| Name | Definition | Packages | MathJax | KaTeX | XeTeX | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\tilde | Used to place a tilde accent over variables, operators, or grouped expressions. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 4.74% |
\hat | Used to place a hat accent over variables, estimators, transforms, and grouped expressions. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 4.65% |
\bar | Used to place an overbar over a symbol or grouped expression, for example for conjugates, closures, or averages. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 3.98% |
\overline | Used to place a bar over a mathematical symbol or expression, e.g. conjugates, closures, or repeated decimals. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 3.16% |
\widetilde | Used to place a wider tilde accent over grouped math content. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 2.13% |
\dot | Used to place a single dot accent over a symbol or grouped expression, often for time derivatives. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 1.93% |
\widehat | Used to place a wider hat accent over grouped math content, such as Fourier transforms or estimated vectors of symbols. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 1.66% |
\vec | Used to place an arrow accent over a symbol or grouped expression, especially for vectors. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 1.32% |
\underline | Used to place an underline under a mathematical symbol or expression in formulas. | base, textmacros | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.75% |
\stackrel | Used to place a label or annotation above a relation symbol, such as writing a symbol with text or another symbol over it | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.54% |
\underset | Places one math expression beneath a base expression, commonly for labels or annotations under operators, relations, or arrows. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: None | 0.50% |
\overset | Used to place a symbol or text above another mathematical symbol or relation. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: None | 0.41% |
\underbrace | Used to place a brace under an expression, often with a subscript label indicating grouping or annotation. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.27% |
\ddot | Used to place a double-dot accent over variables, commonly in derivative notation or specialized symbols. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.26% |
\check | Used to place a check or caron accent over a math symbol or grouped expression. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.20% |
\overrightarrow | Used to place a right-pointing arrow over an expression, commonly for vectors, directed segments, or transformations. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.10% |
\mathring | Used to place a ring accent over a math symbol or expression. | ams | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.09% |
\breve | Used to place a breve accent over a math symbol or grouped expression. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.07% |
\acute | Used to place an acute accent over a math symbol or grouped expression. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.03% |
\overleftarrow | Used to place a left-pointing arrow over an expression, for reversed vectors, maps, or directed notation. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.03% |
\overbrace | Used to place a brace over an expression, often with a superscript label indicating grouping or annotation. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.03% |
\buildrel | Used to build relations by stacking an overscript on top of a relation symbol or operator. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: None | XeTeX: Full | 0.02% |
\' | Used in text mode to place an acute accent over the next letter, e.g. for accented words and names. | textmacros | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.01% |
\overleftrightarrow | Used to place a double-headed arrow over an expression, for bijections, equivalences, or two-way directional notation. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: None | 0.01% |
\dddot | Used for a triple-dot accent, typically for higher-order derivatives or specialized notation. | ams, base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Partial | <0.01% |
\grave | Used to place a grave accent over a math symbol or grouped expression. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\" | Used in text mode to place an umlaut/diaeresis accent over the next letter. | textmacros | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\underrightarrow | Used to place a right-pointing arrow under an expression for directional or annotated notation. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: None | <0.01% |
\underleftarrow | Used to place a left-pointing arrow under an expression for reversed directional notation. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: None | <0.01% |
\^ | Used in text mode to place a circumflex accent over the next letter. | textmacros | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\ddddot | Used for a four-dot accent, most often in very specialized higher-order derivative notation. | ams, base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Partial | <0.01% |
\` | Used in text mode to place a grave accent over the next letter. | textmacros | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\~ | Used in text mode to place a tilde accent over the next letter, such as in Spanish names or words. | textmacros | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\skew | Used for manual horizontal skewing/overlap adjustments between symbols or accents in specialized mathematical typography | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: None | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\v | Used in text mode to place a caron accent over the following letter, especially for Czech, Slovak, or other Slavic names and words. | textmacros | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\. | Used in text mode to place a dot accent over the next letter. | textmacros | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\u | Used in text mode to place a breve accent over the following letter, typically for transliterated names or languages that use breve-marked Latin characters. | textmacros | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\underleftrightarrow | Used to place a double-headed arrow under an expression for two-way directional or annotated notation. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: None | <0.01% |
\= | Used in text mode to place a macron over the next letter. | textmacros | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\overunderset | Places simultaneous over- and under-annotations on a base expression, e.g. labeling a symbol with text or arrows above and below it. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: None | XeTeX: None | <0.01% |
\‘ | Unicode alias for the grave-accent text command, used to accent the next letter in text mode. | textmacros | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: None | XeTeX: None | — |
\’ | Unicode alias for the acute-accent text command, used to accent the next letter in text mode. | textmacros | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: None | XeTeX: None | — |
\overparen | Used to draw a curved mark over an expression, typically for grouping or geometric notation. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: None | XeTeX: None | — |
\stackbin | Used for the less common case of placing a label above a binary operator while preserving binary-operator class | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: None | XeTeX: None | — |
\underparen | Used to draw a curved mark under an expression, typically for grouping or geometric notation. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: None | XeTeX: None | — |
Fractions and roots#
Fractions, binomials, and roots.
| Name | Definition | Packages | MathJax | KaTeX | XeTeX | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\frac | Standard fractions in mathematical expressions, derivations, and formulas. | ams, base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 38.65% |
\sqrt | Used for square roots and n-th roots in mathematical expressions, including radicands given as a single token, a grouped expression, or a bare fraction command. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 6.99% |
\over | Plain-TeX infix fraction form placed between a numerator on the left and a denominator on the right. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 1.18% |
\dfrac | Display-style fractions forced in contexts such as inline math or nested formulas when a larger fraction layout is wanted. | ams | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 1.07% |
\tfrac | Text-style fractions, often used inside displayed equations or tighter layouts where a smaller fraction form is desired. | ams | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.61% |
\binom | Binomial coefficients and parenthesized combinations such as choosing k from n. | ams | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.52% |
\choose | Plain-TeX infix binomial-style form with parentheses as fixed delimiters and no fraction bar. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.21% |
\atop | Plain-TeX infix generalized fraction without a fraction bar, placing the left formula over the right formula. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.11% |
\cfrac | Used for continued fractions, with an optional alignment selector for the numerator and denominator within the fraction. | ams | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.04% |
\genfrac | Low-level AMS generalized fraction primitive used to build custom fractions or binomial-style forms with chosen delimiters, line thickness, and math style. | ams | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.04% |
\brack | Plain-TeX infix generalized fraction with brackets as fixed delimiters and no fraction bar. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\tbinom | Text-style binomial coefficients for tighter layouts, especially inside displayed formulas or nested expressions. | ams | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\dbinom | Display-style binomial coefficients forced in tighter contexts when a larger binomial layout is preferred. | ams | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\brace | Plain-TeX infix generalized fraction with braces as fixed delimiters and no fraction bar. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\root | Legacy/plain-TeX nth-root notation such as \root 3 \of x, mainly for compatibility with older TeX sources rather than modern LaTeX style. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: None | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\uproot | Used inside a \root...\of expression to shift the root index upward relative to the radical. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: None | XeTeX: None | <0.01% |
\atopwithdelims | Plain-TeX infix generalized fraction without a fraction bar, but with explicit left and right delimiters. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: None | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\leftroot | Used inside a \root...\of expression to shift the root index leftward relative to the radical. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: None | XeTeX: None | <0.01% |
\overwithdelims | Plain-TeX infix generalized fraction with explicit left and right delimiters before the denominator. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: None | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\above | Plain-TeX infix generalized fraction with an explicit rule thickness between the left and right formulas. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | <0.01% |
\abovewithdelims | Plain-TeX infix generalized fraction with explicit rule thickness and explicit left/right delimiters. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: None | XeTeX: Full | — |
Functions and operators#
Named functions, operator names, and limits.
| Name | Definition | Packages | MathJax | KaTeX | XeTeX | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\operatorname | Used to create named math operators such as \operatorname{sgn} or limit-style operators via \operatorname*{lim} when no predefined operator macro exists. | ams | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 3.58% |
\log | Used for logarithms in algebra, calculus, asymptotics, and applied mathematics | base, physics | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 3.19% |
\exp | Used for the exponential function in analysis, calculus, and differential equations | base, physics | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 2.30% |
\cos | Used for cosine in trigonometric formulas, identities, and Fourier-style calculations | base, physics | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 2.01% |
\sin | Used for sine in trigonometric formulas, identities, and calculus | base, physics | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 1.93% |
\max | Used for the maximum of a set or expression | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 1.78% |
\lim | Used for mathematical limits | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 1.73% |
\sup | Used for the supremum of a set or mathematical expression | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 1.56% |
\min | Used for the minimum of a set or expression | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 1.52% |
\ln | Used for the natural logarithm in calculus, analysis, and applied mathematics | base, physics | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 1.42% |
\inf | Used for infimum notation in analysis, often with subscripts indicating the domain or index set. | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.66% |
\det | Used for the determinant of a matrix | base, physics | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.48% |
\dim | Used for dimension as a named operator in linear algebra and geometry | base | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.31% |
\cosh | Used for hyperbolic cosine in analysis, differential equations, and mathematical physics | base, physics | MathJax: Full | KaTeX: Full | XeTeX: Full | 0.28% |