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LaTeX Math ReferenceCommands

Commands

Browse LaTeX commands by topic, name, package, and renderer support.

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Accents#

Hats, bars, tildes, and other decorations.

NameDefinitionPackagesMathJaxKaTeXXeTeXFrequency
\tildeUsed to place a tilde accent over variables, operators, or grouped expressions.base4.74%
\hatUsed to place a hat accent over variables, estimators, transforms, and grouped expressions.base4.65%
\barUsed to place an overbar over a symbol or grouped expression, for example for conjugates, closures, or averages.base3.98%
\overlineUsed to place a bar over a mathematical symbol or expression, e.g. conjugates, closures, or repeated decimals.base3.16%
\widetildeUsed to place a wider tilde accent over grouped math content.base2.13%
\dotUsed to place a single dot accent over a symbol or grouped expression, often for time derivatives.base1.93%
\widehatUsed to place a wider hat accent over grouped math content, such as Fourier transforms or estimated vectors of symbols.base1.66%
\vecUsed to place an arrow accent over a symbol or grouped expression, especially for vectors.base1.32%
\underlineUsed to place an underline under a mathematical symbol or expression in formulas.base, textmacros0.75%
\stackrelUsed to place a label or annotation above a relation symbol, such as writing a symbol with text or another symbol over itbase0.54%
\undersetPlaces one math expression beneath a base expression, commonly for labels or annotations under operators, relations, or arrows.base0.50%
\oversetUsed to place a symbol or text above another mathematical symbol or relation.base0.41%
\underbraceUsed to place a brace under an expression, often with a subscript label indicating grouping or annotation.base0.27%
\ddotUsed to place a double-dot accent over variables, commonly in derivative notation or specialized symbols.base0.26%
\checkUsed to place a check or caron accent over a math symbol or grouped expression.base0.20%
\overrightarrowUsed to place a right-pointing arrow over an expression, commonly for vectors, directed segments, or transformations.base0.10%
\mathringUsed to place a ring accent over a math symbol or expression.ams0.09%
\breveUsed to place a breve accent over a math symbol or grouped expression.base0.07%
\acuteUsed to place an acute accent over a math symbol or grouped expression.base0.03%
\overleftarrowUsed to place a left-pointing arrow over an expression, for reversed vectors, maps, or directed notation.base0.03%
\overbraceUsed to place a brace over an expression, often with a superscript label indicating grouping or annotation.base0.03%
\buildrelUsed to build relations by stacking an overscript on top of a relation symbol or operator.base0.02%
\'Used in text mode to place an acute accent over the next letter, e.g. for accented words and names.textmacros0.01%
\overleftrightarrowUsed to place a double-headed arrow over an expression, for bijections, equivalences, or two-way directional notation.base0.01%
\dddotUsed for a triple-dot accent, typically for higher-order derivatives or specialized notation.ams, base<0.01%
\graveUsed to place a grave accent over a math symbol or grouped expression.base<0.01%
\"Used in text mode to place an umlaut/diaeresis accent over the next letter.textmacros<0.01%
\underrightarrowUsed to place a right-pointing arrow under an expression for directional or annotated notation.base<0.01%
\underleftarrowUsed to place a left-pointing arrow under an expression for reversed directional notation.base<0.01%
\^Used in text mode to place a circumflex accent over the next letter.textmacros<0.01%
\ddddotUsed for a four-dot accent, most often in very specialized higher-order derivative notation.ams, base<0.01%
\`Used in text mode to place a grave accent over the next letter.textmacros<0.01%
\~Used in text mode to place a tilde accent over the next letter, such as in Spanish names or words.textmacros<0.01%
\skewUsed for manual horizontal skewing/overlap adjustments between symbols or accents in specialized mathematical typographybase<0.01%
\vUsed in text mode to place a caron accent over the following letter, especially for Czech, Slovak, or other Slavic names and words.textmacros<0.01%
\.Used in text mode to place a dot accent over the next letter.textmacros<0.01%
\uUsed in text mode to place a breve accent over the following letter, typically for transliterated names or languages that use breve-marked Latin characters.textmacros<0.01%
\underleftrightarrowUsed to place a double-headed arrow under an expression for two-way directional or annotated notation.base<0.01%
\=Used in text mode to place a macron over the next letter.textmacros<0.01%
\overundersetPlaces simultaneous over- and under-annotations on a base expression, e.g. labeling a symbol with text or arrows above and below it.base<0.01%
\‘Unicode alias for the grave-accent text command, used to accent the next letter in text mode.textmacros—
\’Unicode alias for the acute-accent text command, used to accent the next letter in text mode.textmacros—
\overparenUsed to draw a curved mark over an expression, typically for grouping or geometric notation.base—
\stackbinUsed for the less common case of placing a label above a binary operator while preserving binary-operator classbase—
\underparenUsed to draw a curved mark under an expression, typically for grouping or geometric notation.base—

Fractions and roots#

Fractions, binomials, and roots.

NameDefinitionPackagesMathJaxKaTeXXeTeXFrequency
\fracStandard fractions in mathematical expressions, derivations, and formulas.ams, base38.65%
\sqrtUsed for square roots and n-th roots in mathematical expressions, including radicands given as a single token, a grouped expression, or a bare fraction command.base6.99%
\overPlain-TeX infix fraction form placed between a numerator on the left and a denominator on the right.base1.18%
\dfracDisplay-style fractions forced in contexts such as inline math or nested formulas when a larger fraction layout is wanted.ams1.07%
\tfracText-style fractions, often used inside displayed equations or tighter layouts where a smaller fraction form is desired.ams0.61%
\binomBinomial coefficients and parenthesized combinations such as choosing k from n.ams0.52%
\choosePlain-TeX infix binomial-style form with parentheses as fixed delimiters and no fraction bar.base0.21%
\atopPlain-TeX infix generalized fraction without a fraction bar, placing the left formula over the right formula.base0.11%
\cfracUsed for continued fractions, with an optional alignment selector for the numerator and denominator within the fraction.ams0.04%
\genfracLow-level AMS generalized fraction primitive used to build custom fractions or binomial-style forms with chosen delimiters, line thickness, and math style.ams0.04%
\brackPlain-TeX infix generalized fraction with brackets as fixed delimiters and no fraction bar.base<0.01%
\tbinomText-style binomial coefficients for tighter layouts, especially inside displayed formulas or nested expressions.ams<0.01%
\dbinomDisplay-style binomial coefficients forced in tighter contexts when a larger binomial layout is preferred.ams<0.01%
\bracePlain-TeX infix generalized fraction with braces as fixed delimiters and no fraction bar.base<0.01%
\rootLegacy/plain-TeX nth-root notation such as \root 3 \of x, mainly for compatibility with older TeX sources rather than modern LaTeX style.base<0.01%
\uprootUsed inside a \root...\of expression to shift the root index upward relative to the radical.base<0.01%
\atopwithdelimsPlain-TeX infix generalized fraction without a fraction bar, but with explicit left and right delimiters.base<0.01%
\leftrootUsed inside a \root...\of expression to shift the root index leftward relative to the radical.base<0.01%
\overwithdelimsPlain-TeX infix generalized fraction with explicit left and right delimiters before the denominator.base<0.01%
\abovePlain-TeX infix generalized fraction with an explicit rule thickness between the left and right formulas.base<0.01%
\abovewithdelimsPlain-TeX infix generalized fraction with explicit rule thickness and explicit left/right delimiters.base—

Functions and operators#

Named functions, operator names, and limits.

NameDefinitionPackagesMathJaxKaTeXXeTeXFrequency
\operatornameUsed to create named math operators such as \operatorname{sgn} or limit-style operators via \operatorname*{lim} when no predefined operator macro exists.ams3.58%
\logUsed for logarithms in algebra, calculus, asymptotics, and applied mathematicsbase, physics3.19%
\expUsed for the exponential function in analysis, calculus, and differential equationsbase, physics2.30%
\cosUsed for cosine in trigonometric formulas, identities, and Fourier-style calculationsbase, physics2.01%
\sinUsed for sine in trigonometric formulas, identities, and calculusbase, physics1.93%
\maxUsed for the maximum of a set or expressionbase1.78%
\limUsed for mathematical limitsbase1.73%
\supUsed for the supremum of a set or mathematical expressionbase1.56%
\minUsed for the minimum of a set or expressionbase1.52%
\lnUsed for the natural logarithm in calculus, analysis, and applied mathematicsbase, physics1.42%
\infUsed for infimum notation in analysis, often with subscripts indicating the domain or index set.base0.66%
\detUsed for the determinant of a matrixbase, physics0.48%
\dimUsed for dimension as a named operator in linear algebra and geometrybase0.31%
\coshUsed for hyperbolic cosine in analysis, differential equations, and mathematical physicsbase, physics0.28%